It’s because the vertex coordinates are out of -1 to 1 range. If you want the mesh to be big, just change the MeshPart size.
It happens due to Frustum Culling which checks if the object’s bounding box is outside the camera. If it is, it doesn’t render the object, but because in your example the mesh is bigger than the object it doesn’t render the object even tho it’s mesh is outside the bounding box
local AssetService = game:GetService("AssetService")
local editableMesh = AssetService:CreateEditableMesh()
local p=workspace:WaitForChild('Part')
local vzero=Vector3.new(0,0,0)
local v1 = editableMesh:AddVertex(vzero)
...
editableMesh:AddTriangle(v1,v2,v3)
...
local meshContent = Content.fromObject(editableMesh)
local mesh = AssetService:CreateMeshPartAsync(meshContent, nil)
editableMesh:SetPosition(v1,Vector3.new(5435,34534,2313) -- setting values here make it visible
...
mesh.Size=Vector3.new(1,1,1)
mesh.Parent = workspace
mesh.Anchored=true
mesh.Position=p.Position