How are dynamic flashlights/spotlights made?

There are some games that a lantern or flashlight can look like it is casting a decal on the parts, creating an effect like this:

How could I manage to reproduce that kind of effect on lightning or, event if I dont want to use lightning but want to “cast” a decal image on a part respecting its form? Like an effect of “spaying” an image in a wall?

That’s not casting a decal, that’s just raising the brightness of the area the light is directed towards.

I recently learned how to do this. Future lighting needs to be enabled for this to work. Essentially what you want to do is obscure a hollow ring around the light emitter and then the light can peek out where the light isn’t shining. If you want exactly the effect in the image it’ll take a bit of toying around with.

Quick example with a square because I don’t want to union a whole circle to demonstrate:

tl;dr The effect is created by blocking out a part of the light emission in Future.

Here’s another example with a free model that you could study from:

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